Safe speed limits for a safe system: The relationship between speed limit and fatal crash rate for different crash types

Objective: The objective of this article is to provide empirical evidence for safe speed limits that will meet the objectives of the Safe System by examining the relationship between speed limit and injury severity for different crash types, using police-reported crash data.

Method: Police-reported crashes from 2 Australian jurisdictions were used to calculate a fatal crash rate by speed limit and crash type. Example safe speed limits were defined using threshold risk levels.

Results: A positive exponential relationship between speed limit and fatality rate was found. For an example fatality rate threshold of 1 in 100 crashes it was found that safe speed limits are 40 km/h for pedestrian crashes; 50 km/h for head-on crashes; 60 km/h for hit fixed object crashes; 80 km/h for right angle, right turn, and left road/rollover crashes; and 110 km/h or more for rear-end crashes.

Conclusions: The positive exponential relationship between speed limit and fatal crash rate is consistent with prior research into speed and crash risk. The results indicate that speed zones of 100 km/h or more only meet the objectives of the Safe System, with regard to fatal crashes, where all crash types except rear-end crashes are exceedingly rare, such as on a high standard restricted access highway with a safe roadside design.     

受侧向土体位移斜桩的特性

通过三维有限单元法分析了斜桩受侧向土体位移的特性。变动柱和土体参数进行敏感性分析,得出桩的柔度、侧向土体位移的大小、桩顶约束条件、土体位移形状和土体移动层厚度等对斜桩的影响。刚性桩的挠度小于柔性桩,但弯矩和剪力大于柔性桩。斜桩非线性弹簧的土抗力—位移关系(p-y曲线)表现为双曲线特征,可基于直桩的Winkler地基反力法对斜桩进行简化计算分析,但应对直桩的极限土抗力值进行修正,以期更好的反映斜桩的特性。     

泗顶矿区6种土地利用类型土壤微生物群落结构特征

以广西柳州泗顶铅锌矿区的玉米地、菜地、灌木、尾矿库、森林和柑橘园6种不同利用类型土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,分析了不同土地利用类型土壤微生物群落结构特征及土壤环境因子对微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是6种土壤的优势菌门,所占比例为31.34%~53.47%,γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）为优势菌纲.冗余分析表明,在重金属含量最高的灌木区,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）的丰度与土壤中铅、锌、镉、铜的含量呈现显著正相关;在土壤钠和钾含量较高的玉米地和菜地,浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）的丰度有所增加,而厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度则有所下降.在土壤有机质含量较高而总氮、总磷含量较低的柑橘园,酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的丰度较高.芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）和浮霉菌门的丰度与土壤pH值呈显著正相关.研究结果表明土地利用类型及土壤环境因子对土壤微生物群落结构多样性有显著的影响.     

伊犁地区矿泉水资源及水化学特征

在介绍伊犁地区矿泉水资源与形成的水文地质条件的基础上，分析了矿泉水的化学组成及其特征，并给出了水化学类型。     

扬子型铜矿床矿物稀土元素地球化学

本文较系统研究了扬子型铜矿床中有代表性的菱铁矿、胶黄铁矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿、黄铜矿及部分脉石矿物的稀土元素组成及特征，总结了展状矿石中和矽卡岩矿石中矿物稀土元素组成的特点及二者之间存在的明显差别，从一个方面探索扬子型铜矿床的成因。     

The curve of ion exchange ratio(%)-pH of the interaction between suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River

The curve of ion exchange ratio(%)-pH of the interactionbetween suspended particles with Cd(II) in the Yellow River wasstudied. The effects of lysine on this curve have been alsoinvestigated. The results showed that (1) Cadmium in Cd(OH)+ formin the suspended particles exchanges with the cations.The exchangeratio of Cd2+ is nearly at its greatest value in the range of pH(8.0-8.5) in natural aquatic system; (2) Ion exchange ratiodecreases as the concentration of Cd2+ raises from 8.9×10-6 mol/L to 2x8.9 x 10-6mol/L; (3) At the lysine concentration of 6.8x10-6 mol/L, it can promote the ion exchange ratio; (4) Adsorption of thesuspended particles to cadmium is weaker in seawater and Jin ShaRiver than in the Yellow River.     

消油剂乳化率检验中标准曲线的选择

本文经过比实验，详细研究了添加双象１号消油剂对原油标线的影响，并对乳化率检验中的两种标准曲线进行了统计检验。结果表明：不添加消油剂制作的原油标线可使乳化率结果降低１￣３％左右，甚至个别消油剂的乳化率结果可相差２０％左右，两条标线的统计差异非常显著。所以制作标准曲线时必须按比例添加消测剂才能确保执法数据的可靠性。     

中国水资源短缺地域差异研究

论文以人均水资源量、单位面积水资源量、人均供水量和单位GDP占有水资源量为指标,采用综合评价方法对全国各省、自治区、直辖市(除台湾外)进行缺水程度及缺水类型的划分。根据缺水综合指数划分为丰富区、脆弱区、缺水区和严重缺水区;根据人均水资源量、单位面积水资源量、人均供水量与全国均值的差值划分为资源型、工程型和过载型。     

利用神经网络及数值模拟获取变压边力控制曲线

在应用Dynaform、Autoform等板料数值模拟软件的过程中 ,通常需要对压边力施力曲线进行各种预先的设定 ,但如何选定施力模式一直是一个比较棘手的问题 ,在文中利用数值模拟及MATLAB中的神经网络工具箱得出了压边力的最优控制曲线     

再论次生石英岩型非金属矿床

次生石英岩型非金属矿床明显受不同级别的火山构造控制,是中—酸性火山岩区一套很有特色的矿床组合;热源、水源、地层产状有机组合生成的环流热液是成矿的前提之一;成矿流体以重碳酸盐型、硫酸盐型为主,属中—低盐度热液;温度、pH值、fo_2等物理化学条件是矿床及矿种类刑的重要控制因素。本文在《次生石英岩容矿型非金属矿床系列的矿种、组合及其成矿作用特征》(1986)一文基础上,进一步总结这类矿床的成矿机理和地质地球化学模式。